Scientists have spotted unexpected X- and C-shaped structures in the atmosphere. They are struggling to explain them

Each day, radio signals from satellites travel through a layer of Earth’s atmosphere known as the ionosphere. This zone is also home to puzzles, including alphabet-shaped formations. Astronomers have observed these formations after solar storms, volcanic events, and extreme weather. Scientists studying data collected by NASA’s GOLD mission have found alphabet-shaped features in the ionosphere during quiet times, challenging what is known about their formation. The GOLD mission provides valuable insights into the complexity and variability of Earth’s atmosphere. Understanding these phenomena could help scientists better grasp the dynamics between the ionosphere and weather, including potential risks to communication and navigation systems.